• Income inequality among countries has been decreasing, while that within countries is increasing.
• Inequalities related to socio-economic background have largely remained persistent over time in Europe.
• By 2030, the middle class is expected to grow by 150% (to 2 billion people) in the BRIC countries and by 116% (to 730 million people) in the N-11 countries.
  | Related Megatrends: Geopower; Consumerism
• While inequality in education and health is in decline, income inequality is on the rise; 70% of the world’s population lives in countries where disparities between the wealthiest and poorest have grown over the last 30 years.
• Extreme poverty rate has declined from 36% in 1990 to an estimated 8.6% in 2018. Nevertheless, given the recent slower rates of decline, the target of less than 3% of the world living in extreme poverty by 2030 might not be achieved. New projections indicate that in 2030, some 480 million people will still be living in extreme poverty (44 million more than the previous estimate); 82 % of them -- almost 395 million people -- will be in Africa. 
• The Global Slavery Index estimates that 45.8 million people were subject to some form of modern slavery in 2016, in the 167 countries assessed. Some 58% of these are living in 5 countries: India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Uzbekistan.
  | Related Megatrends: Geopower
• The gap between advanced and developing economies is expected to keep diminishing, with the emerging market and developing countries continuing to grow considerably faster than the developed ones, given their increasing labor force and expanding markets potential, versus the advanced economies, which are mostly replacement markets. 
• The share of world GDP (PPP) of G7 countries has been decreasing from over 50% in 1990, to some 33% in 2014 and expected to further decrease to 29% in 2020, while that of emerging markets and developing economies has been increasing from 36% in 1990 to 57% in 2014 and pass 60% in 2020. | Related Megatrends: Geopower
• The PwC forecasts that by 2050, the world's three biggest economic powers (PPP) will be China, India, and the U.S., each of them with a GDP greater than the next three largest economies (Indonesia, Brazil, and Mexico) combined. | Related Megatrends: Geopower
• The World Bank estimates that crowdfunding investment in the developing world might be up to $96 billion by 2025, of which $50 billion in China. | Related Megatrends: Geopower; Work;
• By 2025, 66% of world's economic growth (absolute GDP) is expected to be driven by the world’s richest 600 cities. Unless better urban policies, over the next 20 years, the number of city dwellers might reach 5 billion (60% of the world’s population), the majority in the developing world.
  | Related Megatrends: Urbanisation
• International Labour Organization estimates that the rate of workers living in extreme poverty conditions will continue to decrease to some 7% by 2020. However, if current trends continue, it is expected that there will be further progress in the years to come, with the number of working poor decreasing by further 55 milion by 2023. Related Megatrends: Work
• In 2023, the number of workers in extreme and moderate poverty from lower middle-income countries is expected to decrease by 12.5 compared to the situation in 2018 (432 million). 
• Poverty and social exclusion have been decreasing since 2012. In 2017, they reached levels lower than before the financial crisis. However, in 2017 still 113 million people, or 20% of the EU population, were at risk of poverty or social exclusion. The EU target to decrease this number to 96 million by 2020 will require a considerable effort.
• In the framework of the 17 SDGs to end all forms of poverty everywhere, the target is to reduce world's extreme poverty to below 9% by 2020 and no more than 3% by 2030. Going beyond reducing poverty, the SDGs require countries to adopt fiscal, wage, and social protection policies to reduce inequality and have the society at large benefit of increasing prosperity. | Related Megatrends: Geopower; Work
• ​Unless economy patterns change to address the growing inequality gap, some 500 million people will still be living on less than $1.90 a day in 2030, the SDG of eliminating extreme poverty being missed. | Related Megatrends:  Security; Health; Governance; Work
• The SDG Index and Dashboards Report 2019 shows that most inequality-related goals are facing serious challenges. The poorer countries are closer to the bottom of the rankings, since they lack adequate infrastructure and the mechanisms needed for progress on the SDGs. Also, high-income countries tend to generate negative SDG spillover effects for poorer developing countries (countries with larger spillover: Switzerland, Singapore, Luxemburg, Netherlands, United Arab Emirates, USA, Belgium, UK).

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• Concentration of wealth is increasing, income gaps are widening, employmentless economic growth seems the new norm, return on investment in capital and technology is usually better than on labour, and future technologies can replace much of human labor; hence, long-term structural unemployment might be a “business as usual” surprise-free forecast. | Related Megatrends: 

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• Slow economic growth and more people entering the labour market are keeping unemployment high and growing. In 2018, unemployment is expected to stay above 192 million people, with another 1.3 million to be added in 2019. | Related Megatrends: Work; Demography
• International Labour Organization estimates that the rate of workers living in extreme poverty conditions will continue to decrease to some 7% by 2020.                                                         | Related Megatrends: Work
• The number of people in vulnerable forms of employment (e.g. self-employed) is also rising. The estimated 1.4 billion people in vulnerable forms of employment in 2017 is projected to grow by 17 million per year in 2018 and 2019. In developing and emerging economies the rates are above 76% and 46% respectively.
• Some 20% - 30% of working-age population (162 million people) in Europe and the USA are engaged in some kind of independent work.
• More than 50% of independent workers in Europe are not covered by unemployment benefits.| Related Megatrend: Inequalities
• Older population keeps active longer (by will or by necessity);
  over 50% of people 65+ in Germany, Sweden, and UK are earners through some independent work. 
  | Related Megatrends: Work; Demography

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• Worldwide corruption, associated with increased income distribution, is estimate at 1 trillion per year (mainly including only bribery). | Related Megatrends: Governance; Geopower
• The Corruption Perceptions Index reveals that over 66% of the world faces tangible corruption and highlights the connection between corruption and inequality. | Related Megatrends: Governance; Geopower
• 65% of the 15,846 ‘registered victims’ of human trafficking in the EU for 2013-2014 were EU citizens (report of 2016). 

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• Some 4 billion people (most in rural, isolated communities) do not have internet access. | Related Megatrends: Technology; Work
• Fighting educational inequalities and granting access to education to all, will decrease poverty and social exclusion significantly. The risk of poverty and social exclusion is three times higher for individuals with lower educational attainment.
• While the world becomes increasingly hyperconnected, digital inequality (increased by the development of a digital oligarchy) is the fastest growing inequality, impacting all sectors of activities worldwide; (e.g. over 95% of all bitcoins in circulation are owned by about 4% of the market (1% of the addresses control 50% of the entire market)).
  | Related Megatrends: Technology; Education; Work
• Most of the jobs which are anticipated to expand until 2025 require at least a moderate level of digital skills combined with strong non-cognitive skills (e.g. communication and teamwork).
• 44.5% of the EU population has insufficient skills to participate in the digital economy and society. 
• This divide does not only exist between rich and poor but between different age groups as well; the Millennial generation, also known as Generation Y and Net Generation view technology as a functional necessity, not a modern convenience.
• Digital competence developments are observed since very young age across Europe, mainly in family context and in an uneven and patchy way, depending mostly on the digital landscape available and on the digital knowledge in family. | Related Megatrends: Education; Work
• The higher the level of human development, the greater the access to technology.

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• S&T advancement is an important source for creation of jobs; in India for example, which has 600 million people (50% of the country's 1.25 billion population) under the age of 25 and a high rate of poverty — hence, needs many jobs over the next years — it is estimated that new technologies create 100 new jobs for each 10 potentially displaced by them; therefore, India aims to become a 1 trillion digital economy by 2023. | Related Megatrends: Technology; Education; Work
• The use of industrial robots is positively correlated with total employment.
• Trends to date indicate that robots might not replace jobs as a whole but only certain tasks, leanding to the restructuring of certain tasks, enhancing labour productivity and, potentially, employment.
• Job creation effects of technology may compensate for job destruction linked to automation. In the next decade, employment growth is likely to concentrate at both ends of the occupational ladder.
• Global assets managed by robo-adviser portfolio managers are expected to reach $13 trillion by 2025 (up from $100 billion as of December 2016) and the concentration of financial institutions using algorithms is already underway (e.g. TIAA financial services firm bought the business-to-business robo-adviser MyVest in 2016; Invesco investment management firm bought Atlanta-based robo-adviser Jemstep). | Related Megatrends: Technology; Work

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• Digital oligarchy is the fastest growing consolidation of power, as the leading companies try to gain monopoly over the technologies they control. Outside of China, the Internet world is dominated by a handful of USA companies. | Related Megatrends: Technology; Work; Governance; Geopower
• The number of influential technology companies is expected to shrink from 70 in 2017 to 30 by 2030 and possibly 10 by 2050, increasing the digital oligarchy. 
• Over 95% of all bitcoins in circulation are owned by about 4% of the market (1% of the addresses control 50% of the entire market). | Related Megatrends: Technology; Work
• High concentration of R&D activity: the top 2,000 R&D corporations worldwide have their headquarters in just a few countries (mainly USA, Japan and China), own about 75% of global ICT-related patents, 55% of ICT-related designs and 75% of the IP5 patent families related to AI, and about 70% of their total R&D spending is concentrated in the top 200 firms. | Related Megatrends: Technology; Inequalities; Geopower; Security
• China has the top two of the 500 most powerful supercomputers, Sunway TaihuLight and Tianhe-2 (MilkyWay-2), of 93 petaflops and 33.9 petaflops respectively, followed by Switzerland, then 3 in the USA, 2 in Japan, and next 2 also USA being the top 10. However, the U.S.A. might regain its top spot with a Department of Energy funding to six companies for the development of the world’s first exascale supercomputer (processing a quintillion (1,000,000,000,000,000,000) calculations per second).
• EU is developing 8 supercomputers to be operational at mid-2020. They will be hosted at eight centres across the EU. Three of them, precursor to exascale machines (capable of executing more than 150 million billion calculations per second) will be among the top 5 supercomputers of the world. The other 5 will be petascale machines (capable of executing at least 4 Petaflops, or 4 million billion operations per second).
  | Related Megatrends: Geopower; Inequalities; Security
• China accounts for 44% of worldwide M2M (machine-to-machine) sim card subscriptions – three times the share of the USA.
  ​| Related Megatrends: Inequalities; Geopower; Security
• China aims to become world leader in science and innovation by 2050. In 2017, China's R&D spneding of about $378.6 billion (PPP) accounted for 21% of total world R&D expenditure, with the rate of R&D investment growth significantly exceeding that of the U.S. and the EU.
• China plans to be world leader in AI by 2030. Its R&D intensity might match that of OECD by 2020.
  | Related Megatrends: Geopower; Security; Inequalities;
  Governance

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• Globally, literacy rate is increasing and education inequality is declining (in many countries women outperform men in educational attainment); literacy rates rose from 83% in 1990 to 92% in 2015 worldwide and from 60% to 74% for low-income countries (pdf). 
  | Related Megatrends:  Work; Education
• Of the EU-28 population aged 20–24, an average 83% had completed at least an upper secondary level of education (for women, the average is 85.6%). | Related Megatrends:  Work; Education
• One of the targets of the Europe 2020 strategy for education is to increase to 40% the proportion of 30–34 year-olds with tertiary education by 2020 (it has been 39.1% in 2016). | Related Megatrends: Technology; Work
• Policies that decrease educational inequalities are likely to also reduce societal inequalities.
• Expanding the coverage of high quality publicly funded pre-school child care could diminish social inequalities, which already exists before school starts. 
• Rising compulsory school age is associated with decreased dropout rates and hence lower inequality of educational attainment.
• By 2030, developing economies will be home to 3 times more skilled workers than high-income (OECD) countries – up from 2 times more in 2012. This is triggering major changes in global income distribution, reducing global inequalities and swelling the ranks of the world’s middle class, which accounted for just a quarter of the global population at the turn of the millennium, but by 2030 is projected to account for 5.3 billion – or nearly two thirds – of world population.

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• There is enough food produced for everyone on the planet to have an adequate diet, but poor distribution and quality makes that 820 million people went hungry in 2018, while obesity is rising steadily (1 in 8 globally, were obese in 2018). | Related Megatrends:  Health
• Globally, the absolute number of undernourished people has been on the rise since 2014, reaching an estimated 821 million people (some 11% of the population) in 2017.
• In 2017, some 124 million people across 51 countries and territories faced “crisis” levels of acute food insecurity or worse, an increase compared to 80 and 108 million people in 2015 and 2016, respectively. 
  | Related Megatrends: Health; Natural resources; Climate and environment; Migration; Security
• By 2050, the global amount of arable and productive land per person will be a quarter of 1960 levels. Asthe Earth's soil erodes, so does its ability to filter water,absorb carbon, and feed people. Not only that less food will be available, but it will also be lower in vital nutrients – impacting most heavily on the globe's poorest. | Related Megatrends: Climate and environment
• Obesity, undernutrition, and climate change could represent the global syndemic that affects most people worldwide, because they co-occur in time and place and share common societal drivers. (such us income) | Related Megatrends: Climate and environment
• Low income regions could produce approximately 283 million metric tons of municipal solid waste in 2050, which represents 3 times more of what they produced in 2016. By tripling their waste production in 2050, they could still produce 4 times less municipal solid waste than high income regions. Could waste production become a measure of house income? | Related Megatrends: Climate and environment; Growing consumerism 

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• Nearly half of all deaths in children under 5 are attributable to under-nutrition. This translates into the unnecessary loss of about 3 million young lives a year. Undernutrition puts children at greater risk of dying from common infections, increases the frequency and severity of such infections, and contributes to delayed recovery.| Related Megatrends: Health
• Child mortality is relatively low in Europe and Central Asia (16%). Evidence from developing countries shows that children in the poorest 20% of the populations are still up to three times more likely to die before their fifth birthday than children in the richest quantiles. The child mortality rate in sub-Saharan Africa is almost five times higher than that in developing countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. | Related Megatrends: Health
• The bigger the gap between the rich and the rest of the population, the higher infant mortality. 

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• Generally, the health of the population is improving, worldwide, even if the health inequalities have remained static or widened.
• In the EU, the estimated life expectancy at birth is 81 years.
• In the United States, the richest men could live 15 years longer than those in the bottom 1% of the income distribution. For women, the difference is about 10 years, equivalent to the difference between smokers and non-smokers.
• Pandemics, such as Coronavirus, could play a role in reducing social and economic inequalities.
• Vulnerable populations are more affected by COVID-19, the virus that emerged in China in late 2019. 
• COVID-19 crisis is accentuating the gap between those who can afford healthcare and those who cannot and may be forced into extreme poverty as a consequence. 
• Access to healthcare is as important as the capacity of health systems, rising high concerns for citizens already living in poverty or experiencing income inequality. | Related Megatrends:  Health
• Pandemics could bring additional economic risks for low-income or less secure workers.
• Elite getting priority access to intensive care in private hospitals while middle-income citizens are being turned away from public hospitals, could become a realistic scenario during pandemics. 
• Globally, over 50% of the population (some 4 billion people) do not receive all of the essential health services and about 100 million people fall into extreme poverty each year because of health expenses. | Related Megatrends: Health
• The higher the level of income inequality, the higher the rate of cardiovascular-related deaths, hospitalizations, risk of schizophrenia and chronic stress. 
• In addition to genetics and environmental factors, socio-economic status can influence peoples' health and types of disease. For example, women in the United States have lower rates of obesity as their income rises.
• The 10/90 gap -- 90% of the world’s expenditure on health R&D being devoted to problems that primarily affect the richest 10% of the world’s population -- affects the most vulnerable.
  | Related Megatrends:  Health; Technology
• Social protection has been significantly extended globally, yet persons with disabilities are up to five times more likely than average to incur catastrophic health expenditures.
  | Related Megatrends: Health
• The challenge of non-communicable diseases is increasing. Nutrition is one of the main factors. Some 1.4 billion people are overweight or obese. | Related Megatrend: Health
• One in three European children are overweight due to high-calorie diets and sedentary lifestyles. Some 2.8 million deaths per year are associated with obesity, and conditions related to obesity absorb 7% of the EU's national health budgets.
  | Related Megatrend: Health
• Obesity has spread further in the past five years, although at a slower pace than before, and could continue to increase in the future.
• By 2030, obesity rates could further increase, Korea and Switzerland representing the countries where obesity rates are projected to increase at a faster pace.
• Education and socio-economic background affect obesity, and at the same time obesity decreases productivity and contributes to reinforcing existing social inequalities.
• Less-educated women are two to three times more likely to be overweight than those with a higher level of education.
• Malnutrition could affect over 50% of the global population by 2030, unless urgent action is taken to improve access to high-quality food. | Related Megatrends: Inequalities; Natural resources
• Overuse of antibiotics is increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Unless changes to use of antibiotics (by humans and in agriculture) and finding of new class of antibiotics, the global annual death toll due to AMR could grow from today's estimated 700,000 peaople (one person a minute) to 10 million a year by 2050. 

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Female participation in the labour force and employment rates are heavily affected by economic, social and cultural issues and care work distributions at home.

• In the EU, more than 30% of girls and women live in regions failing on gender equality.
• Although women carry out the major share of global work, they face disadvantage in the world of work, both in paid and unpaid work. The ILO 2017 report notes that women's hourly earnings can be as little as 60% of men's hourly earnings (as of 2016).
• Although the gender gap in labour force participation has been narrowing over the past 25 years, global labour force participation rate for women is only 49%, compared to 76% for men and no much improvements are foreseen for the near future. The gender gap is closing more rapidly in high-income countries, while continuing to widen in emerging economies.
• If women’s paid employment rates were the same as men’s,  Oxfam estimates that in 15 major developing economies income per capita would rise by 20% by 2030. Closing the male-female employment gap could boost GDP in the euro zone by 13%, in Japan by 16%, and in the U.S. by 9%. ILO estimates that reducing the gender gap by 25% would increase global GDP by $5.8 trillion by 2025.
  | Related Megatrends: Education; Work
• Suffrage is virtually universal; however, worldwide, women account for only 23.5% of the membership of national legislative bodies.
• Women only make up some 18% of the board of directors, although Fortune 500 companies with more gender-balanced boards could outperform the others by as much as 50%.
  | Related Megatrends: Work
• The Social Institutions and Gender Index shows that countries with better scores have close to 50% women participation in paid jobs, while in countries with high discrimination, female employment is just above 20%. The 2014 SIGI found that none of the 142 economies assessed in 2014 has closed the gender gap; although the gaps for health and educational attainment were closed by 96% and 94% respectively, only 60% of economic participation gap, and 21% of the global political empowerment gap had been closed.
• The EU Gender Equality Index was 52.9 in 2015, a small improvement compared to 52.4 in 2010.

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• Analyses of total hours worked in time-use surveys (in a sample representing 69% of the global adult population), shows that women contribute 52% of global work compared to men’s 48%.
• Women in Germany, Estonia, United Kingdom and the Czech Republic experience some of the widest gender pay gaps in Europe. | Related Megatrends: Education; Work
• 31.3 % of women in the EU work part-time, in comparison to 8.7 % of men, and this trend is mostly observed in Western Europe countries.
• Equal Pay International Coalition (EPIC) launched in September 2017 is a multi-stakeholder coalition to contribute to the achievement of SDG target 8.5 focusing on equal pay between women and men for work of equal value.
• Women are heavily under-represented in most emerging professions: only 12% of the “cloud computing” jobs are occupied by women, compared to 15% in “engineering” and 26% in “Data and AI”. 
• 31% of those with relevant skills for “data science” are women, even though only 25% of roles are occupied by women. 
• Oxfam remarks that if women’s paid employment rates were the same as men’s, in 15 major developing economies, income per capita would rise by 14% by 2020 and 20% by 2030.
• Closing the male-female employment gap could boost GDP in the euro zone by 13%, in Japan by 16%, and in the U.S. by 9%.
• Current global average gender pay gap is 23%; at present rates of change, the global economic gender gap at work will not be closed for 217 years, while in the in the G20 countries it would take another 75 years to achieve equal pay for equal work.

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• The Arab States are currently the furthest behind in gender parity in primary education due to conflict. | Related Megatrends: Education; Work
• Obstacles preventing females' ability to receive a quality education include traditional attitudes towards gender roles, poverty, geographical isolation, gender-based violence, and early marriage and pregnancy. | Related Megatrends: Education; Work
• 4 countries of sub-Saharan Africa prohibit girls returning to school after pregnancy. 

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• Currently, more than 60% of the world’s people live in countries where induced abortion is permitted either for a wide range of reasons or without restriction as to reason. However, more than 25% of all people reside in countries where abortion is generally prohibited, while nearly 14% live in countries where abortion is permitted to preserve the woman’s health.
• Despite overall declines in maternal mortality in the majority of developing countries, women in rural areas are still up to three times more likely to die while giving birth than women living in urban centres. | Related Megatrends: Health; Education; Work
• Globally, some 33% of women of reproductive age are still affected by anaemia due to undernourishment, with significant health and development consequences for both women and their children.

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• Mandatory quarantines, country lockdowns and mobility restrictions during COVID19 put women under a higher risk of domestic violence, in addition to unpaid household work and risks encountered at their workplace (women represent 70% of the health and social sector workforce globally).
• It is estimated that 35% of women worldwide have experienced either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or sexual violence by a non-partner at some point in their lives. However, some national studies show that up to 70% of women have experienced physical and/or sexual violence from an intimate partner in their lifetime. | Related Megatrends: Education; Work
• One in three women in the EU has experienced physical and/or sexual violence since the age of 15. | Related Megatrends: Work
• 76% of the 15,846 ‘registered victims’ of human trafficking in the EU for 2013-2014 were women (report of 2016). 
• 75% of women in a professional job or in top management have experienced sexual harassment. | Related Megatrends:  Work
• One in ten women has experienced sexual harassment or stalking through new technologies.

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• Extremely impoverished people are at most risk from climate change, water scarcity, flooding, limited access to energy and land degradation. They tend to live in vulnerable areas, have no insurance and cannot afford relocation or rebuilding after calamities. | Related Megatrends: Climate and environment
• The poor and people in developing countries bear the greatest burden of climate change, environmental degradation and depletion of natural resources. Highly dependent on agriculture and fishing, they are especially vulnerable to the depletion of natural resources.  | Related Megatrends: Climate and environment; Natural resources
• 122 million more people could be living in extreme poverty by 2030, due to climate change, agro-industrialisation, and other challenges affecting small farmers. | Related Megatrends: Security; Climate and environment; Health
• According to World Employment and Social Outlook 2018, action to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius will result in sufficient job creation to more than offset job losses of 6 million elsewhere.
• People in poorer countries are on average 6 times more likely to be displaced, evacuated or require emergency assistance due to climate-related disasters than those in rich countries. The UN Security Council notes the adverse effects that climate change and greater competition for scarce resources have on the stability of many countries in Western and Central Africa such as Mali, Somalia or Sudan.
• While there is evidence that climate change and extreme weather events trigger displacement, these movements are mostly short-term and short-distance.

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While all UN Sustainable Development Goals aim reducing different forms of inequalities, Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries specifically requests countries that:

• By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40% of the population at a rate higher than the national average.
• By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status.
• Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard.
• Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality.
• Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations.
• Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions.
• Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies.
• Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements.
• Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes.
• By 2030, reduce to less than 3% the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5%.

Other SDGs that are specifically targeting reducing different inequality include:

Goal 1: end poverty in all its forms everywhere requests that by 2030, extreme poverty (people living on less than $1.25/day (revised to $1.90/day) be eradicated everywhere and poverty be at least halved, social protection systems be implemented for all, equal rights to resources and services be assured to all people, and resilience to natural disasters be improved (mainly for the most vulnerable).

Goal 3: ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages targets achieving universal health coverage by 2030.

Goal 4: ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

Goal 5: achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

Goal 6: ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

Goal 7: ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.

Goal 8: promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.