• Neurotechnologies can access, monitor or manipulate brain activity. As their applications are growing across domains, these technologies require attention from policymakers.
• Neurotechnology devices will blur the line between medical and non-medical applications. This trend necessitates a revision of legal frameworks to protect patients, consumers and their data.
• The implementation of neurotechnologies will require coordinated international governance to balance the potential for innovation with ethical considerations.

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According to Hain, D. S., et al. (2023), the market of neuro-devices is expected to reach $24.2 billion by 2027. However, no European companies or institutions are currently leading R&D actors in the field. Figure 1 shows that the most neurotechnology patents between 2000 and 2020 were filed in the US, Japan, China and South Korea.