While Ethiopia contributes only 0.53% to global greenhouse gas emissions (FDRE 2022), the effect of climate change on the livelihoods of Ethiopian smallholder farmers, who have weak adaptive capacity, is adverse. Ethiopia’s climate projections show continued warming and unpredictable changes in rainfall patterns (Conway and Schipper 2011). The country is characterized by the frequency of droughts and other extreme events affecting agriculture, health and water (Simane et al. 2016). Projections indicate that climate change will reduce the productivity of the agriculture sector in the coming decades (World Bank Group 2024). As indicated by Singh et al. (2021), agriculture is recognized as a highly vulnerable sector to climate change, and the risks from climatic variations pose an imminent danger to food security and sustainability of livelihoods globally, requiring climate-smart adaptation interventions (FDRE 2022).

Key messages:

• Adopters of climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices have, on average, a higher calorie intake and dietary diversity score and a lower food insecurity experience score as compared to
  non-adopters.

• Small-scale farmers adopting various types of CSA practices also have lower multidimensional poverty.

• Farmers who adopted more diversified combinations of CSA packages were more resilient and less vulnerable than non adopter households to climate change-induced economic
  shocks.

• The marginal impacts of different CSA practices on the resilience and vulnerability of the adopters vary, requiring prioritization and suitability analyses in the promotion of contextually relevant CSA technologies.