The study identifies the following systemic levers for the transformation toward sustainable food systems:

1. Support a strategic and policy focus and strengthen institutions (including budgets), investments in diversification and sustainable agricultural production practices and technologies, to support rural communities – especially those on customary land – to improve their food security and nutrition situation, combined with concerted multisectoral efforts and investments to address issues related to land tenure, health and infrastructure, among others.

2. Dietary guidelines and efforts to raise health and nutrition awareness among consumers, including discouraging high consumption of sugar and salt through appropriate public education and regulatory measures, such as taxes, product labelling, and strong nutrition education components.

3. Developing and promoting inclusive and sustainable value chains: (i) fostering (capacity development) of agricultural associations and cooperatives; (ii) supporting farmers to increase production sustainably in volume and quality though exploring opportunities for good agricultural practices, crop and livestock diversification, and climate-smart adaptation.

4. Developing appropriate public and private services in support of inclusive value chains: access to rural finance; upgraded infrastructure (markets, electricity, digitalization, rural roads) and transport services.

5. Enhance governance, for example through strengthening existing technical and regulatory capacity and ensuring that effective legal and policy frameworks are in place.

6. Ensure equal opportunity for women and reduce inequalities by promoting, implementing and enforcing appropriate legislation, policies and actions, including social protection and access to land resources.

7. Review, approve and implement the hierarchy of land-related draft policies in Eswatini that would contribute towards creating an inclusive, enabling environment that supports sustainable agricultural practices and food systems and strengthened natural resource governance mechanisms.

8. Review and enforce existing land- and environment-related legislation to formalize and systematize customary land administration and ultimately enhance institutional capacity for integrated land-use planning and landscape management. Train farmers in production and conservation technologies.