Food-Based Dietary Guidelines recommendations for oil and fats

Summary of FBDG recommendations for oil and fats for the the EU, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom

Due care was taken to ensure factually correct information. Food groupings and food group names differ across individual FBDGs; the ones used here are a compromise to present the information in a structured way. Differences such as those in number of portions and portion sizes were kept unaltered. The original country FBDGs and the responsible national public health authorities remain the only qualified points of reference.

Country	Quantitative recommendations	Qualitative recommendations	Portion size
Belgium	-	- Limit the consumption of products high in saturated fatty acids and avoid trans fatty acids as much as possible. - To replace hard margarines and butter, give preference to non-tropical oils, spreadable fats and soft or liquid cooking fats. - Coconut and palm oil should be avoided.	-
Bulgaria	-	- Limit total fat intake, especially animal fat. - Prefer vegetable fats to animal fats, but consume them in moderation. - Add as little fat as possible when cooking, avoid frying. - When cooking, replace animal fats with vegetable oils. - Choose soft margarines with a low fat content (40-25%). - Limit the consumption of products containing hard margarine - biscuits, waffles, dry pastes, etc.	-
Czechia	-	- Monitor your fat intake, limit the amount of fat in hidden form (fatty meat, fatty meat and dairy products, soft and durable pastries with a higher fat content, chips, chocolate products) and when preparing meals. Prefer fats with a low content of saturated fatty acids.	-
Country	Quantitative recommendations	Qualitative recommendations	Portion size
Denmark	-	- For cooking, choose vegetable oils like rapeseed and olive oil rather than solid fats, such as butter and coconut oil. - Limit the use of butter on bread and sandwiches. - Choose for example hummus or a little pesto instead.	-
Germany	1 tablespoon of vegetable oils and 1 tablespoon of butter or margarine per day.	- Favour oils like canola (rapeseed) oil and margarines produced from them. - Walnut, linseed (flaxseed), soybean and olive oil are also to be recommended.	1 tablespoon (10 g)
Germany	Note: Sugar, salt and fat are often "invisibly" present in processed foods like sausage, pastries, sweets, fast food and convenience products. High intake of these increases the risk of overweight, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes.
Estonia	6-7 portions of added fats, nuts, seeds, oilseeds. (1-2 portions of seeds, nuts, etc., 5 portions of vegetable oils, oils, spreads)	- Prefer oil and butter. - When frying, prefer refined oils such as pork, coconut, or palm oil. - Vary. - Oil should not smoke when cooked. - Oils richest in omega-3: rapeseed & linseed oils.	5 g oil, 5 g butter, 5 g spread (if > 50% fat), 10-15 g spread (if ≤50% fat), 5 g coconut fat, 5 g lard. 1 portion ≈ 50 kcal.
Country	Quantitative recommendations	Qualitative recommendations	Portion size
Ireland	Portion packs of fat-reduced spread found in cafes can guide the amount to use. One should be enough for 2 slices of bread.	- Fats, spreads and oils: use as little as possible. - Choose MUFA* or PUFA** or light spreads. - Choose rapeseed, olive, canola, sunflower, or corn oils. - Limit mayonnaise, coleslaw and salad dressing. - Always cook with as little fat or oil as possible. * mono-unsaturated fatty acids ** poly-unsaturated fatty acids	1 portion pack reduced-fat or light spread for 2 slices of bread, 1 teaspoon oil per person when cooking or in salads.
Ireland	Note: Always cook with as little fat or oil as possible - measure it out instead of pouring into pan.
Greece	4-5 servings per day	- Limit animal fat intake. - Olive oil should be the main added fat. - Avoid consumption of trans fat, mainly found in commercial products (i.e. biscuits, sweets, prepared sauces, fast-food).	1 tbsp olive oil (15 ml), 1 tbsp other vegetable oils (15 ml), 1 handful nuts, 10-12 olives, 1 tbsp butter or margarine (15 ml).
Greece	Note: Includes advice on nuts and olives
Spain	Use olive oil in all meals	- Reduce the consumption of saturated fats, such as butter and other animal fats. - Use olive oil, as a dressing and in food preparation. Adapt the amount you consume according to your energy needs, limiting its consumption in case of excess weight or medical advice. - Virgin olive oil is the oil of choice for its content in beneficial substances for health as flavonoids, decreasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and overall mortality. - Extra virgin olive oil also has a higher organoleptic quality.	-
Spain	Note: One serving is equivalent to 10 ml. Example: 1 tablespoon
Country	Quantitative recommendations	Qualitative recommendations	Portion size
France	-	- Avoid excessive consumption. - Prefer rapeseed and nut oils (rich in alpha-linolenic acid) and olive oil, without increasing the commonly consumed quantity of added fats. - Animal fats should be reserved for raw or spreadable use and in limited quantities. Compared to low ALA oils (including sunflower or peanut oils).	-
Croatia	- Total fat should not exceed 30% of total energy intake. - Intake of saturated fats should be less than 10% of total intake.	- Limit sweets, salt and fat. - Include high-quality vegetable oils such as olive, linseed and pumpkin oil in your daily diet	-
Italy	2-4 portions per day	- Moderate the amount of fats and oils you use for seasoning and cooking. - Prefer vegetable oils, and especially olive oil, instead of animal fats or other fats high in saturated fatty acids. - Unsaturated fats should preferably be used raw or with mild cooking treatiment.	10 ml vegetable oils; 10 g butter, animal -derived fats and plant-derived fats
Italy	Note: Total fats should be <30% energy intake; saturated fats<10% energy; polyunsaturated fats 5-10%energy; monounsaturated fats: 10-15% energy
Country	Quantitative recommendations	Qualitative recommendations	Portion size
Cyprus	Use olive oil (2-4 tablespoons or 30-60 ml) on a daily basis, in salads but also in cooking	- Limit use. - Prefer olive oil. - Only add small amounts of fat during cooking. - Keep correct ratio of fats in your diet. - Never use butter/margarine/cream. - Avoid saturated fats (found in meat and full-fat dairy products).	1 teaspoon (5 ml) oil, 1 teaspoon (5 ml) mayonnaise, 1 tablespoon (15 ml) light mayonnaise, 1/8 avocado (medium) (2 tablespoons, 30 ml), 1 teaspoon (5 ml) margarine, 1 teaspoon (5 ml) butter, 6 almonds, 2 walnuts, 10 peanuts.
Latvia	Consume no more than 25-30% of your daily energy needs, or an average of 67-80 g	- Reduce the intake of animal fats, incl. butter consumption. Better to choose vegetable oils. - It is recommended to use moderate amounts of good quality rapeseed oil, olive oil, nuts and seeds, and their oils, as well as avocados.	-
Lithuania	-	- Replace animal fats (fat, butter, sour cream) and other products with a lot of saturated fat (coconut and palm oil, hard margarines) with vegetable oils (olive, rapeseed). - Limit the consumption of products containing trans fats.	-
Country	Quantitative recommendations	Qualitative recommendations	Portion size
Luxembourg	-	-Favour vegetable fats (olive oil, rapeseed oil, etc.) and limit animal fats (butter, cream, lard, etc.). Alternate between different types of oil, such as olive oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil, walnut oil, etc.	Approximately 1 tablespoon
Hungary	-	- Choose food with less salt, fat, sugar. - Fatty foods (cakes, biscuits, ice cream, fatty cheeses, sausages, mayonnaise): not every day and in small amounts. - Use less oil when preparing food, cooking methods requiring less oil. - Fried food: only occasionally.	-
Malta	Olive oil: 1 tbsp (15 ml) per person per day	Use olive oil as the principal source of dietary fats/oils	1 tbsp (15 ml)
Country	Quantitative recommendations	Qualitative recommendations	Portion size
Netherlands	- Men, 19-50 yr: 65 g per day - Women, 19-50 yr: 40 g per day -Additional recommendations for children; elderly; pregnant women; lactating women.	Replace butter, hard margarines, and cooking fats with soft margarines, liquid cooking fats, and vegetable oils	Spreadable fat: 6 g Cooking fat: 15 g
Austria	Up to 2 servings of oils, fats, nuts and seeds daily.	-Use spreads, baking fats and frying fats, such as butter, margarine or lard, sparingly. Also use high-fat dairy products such as whipped cream, sour cream and crème fraîche sparingly. -Prepare your food with low fat: stewing or steaming is better than frying or breading. -Eat plant products that are high in omega-3 fatty acids. Rapeseed oil, linseed oil, walnuts and oils made from them are high in omega-3 fatty acids. -If you have a diet that contains no meat or fish, do not often consume products that contain a lot of omega-6 fatty acids such as sunflower oil or corn germ oil. -If you don't eat sea fish, eat an additional 1 tablespoon of rapeseed oil a day.	1 serving of oil is approximately 1 tablespoon
Poland	-	Replace animal fats with vegetable fats (eg rapeseed oils, olive oil). Limit consumption of partially hydrogenated vegetable fats, contain trans fatty acids / trans fats (e.g. cookies, bars, salty snacks, junk food).	-
Country	Quantitative recommendations	Qualitative recommendations	Portion size
Portugal	1-3 servings of oil/fats	Reducing the consumption of fats, in particular of the solid fats (animal origin); give preference to consumption of olive oil.	1 tablespoon (olive) oil (10 g), 1 teaspoon lard (10 g), 4 tablespoons cream (30 ml), 1 tablespoon butter/margarine (15 g).
Romania	-	- Recommend reducing the consumption of fats, particularly those saturated; Olive oil should be preferred. - Choose vegetable oils instead of solid fats. Eat small amounts of fat.	1 tbsp
Slovenia	-	- Avoid excessive consumption of fats and fatty foods. - Replace most saturated fats (animal fats) with unsaturated vegetable oils. - When preparing food, use as little animal fat as possible and alternatively use high-quality oils (e.g. olive, rapeseed, sunflower, walnut, sesame). - Limit the consumption of coconut, palm and cocoa butter as much as possible. - Eat fried foods as moderately as possible.	-
Country	Quantitative recommendations	Qualitative recommendations	Portion size
Slovakia	Consume only small amounts.	Eat fats, oils, and spreads that support health. Non-tropical vegetable oils and spreads, fatty fish, nuts, and avocados are valuable sources of beneficial fats.	1 teaspoon per person
Finland	At least 25 g of vegetable oils	- Consuming the recommended amount of vegetable oils will ensure the intake of essential fatty acids. Preferred oils include those high in a-linolenic acid such as rapeseed, linseed, camelina, soya, hemp seed, wheat germ and walnut oils. -Avoid butter and tropical vegetable oils. Vegetable oil-based spreads containing at least 60% fat and plenty of unsaturated fatty acids should be preferred.	Equivalent to 5-6 g of fat are 6 g oil, 10 g of margarine, 2 tbsp. of salad dressing or 7 g of liquid margarine.
Sweden	-	- Choose rapeseed oil and other Keyhole-labelled fats in cooking and on sandwiches. - Choose liquid fat for cooking and baking instead of butter. - Rapeseed oil and olive oil, like liquid cooking fats, are excellent for frying. - Swedish and eco-labelled are good environmental choices.	-
Sweden	Notes: The keyhole is a great way to find fats with more of the healthy fat. Available in oils, liquid fat blends and sandwich fats. 100 grams of butter in a recipe is equivalent to about 1 dL of liquid shortening.
Country	Quantitative recommendations	Qualitative recommendations	Portion size
United Kingdom	- Choose unsaturated oils and spreads and eat in small amounts. - All fat should be limited.	- Unsaturated fats are healthier fats that are usually from plant sources and in liquid form as oil, for example vegetable oil, rapeseed oil and olive oil. - Swapping to unsaturated fats will help to reduce cholesterol in the blood, therefore it is important to get most of our fat from unsaturated oils.	-
United Kingdom	Note: Butters are not included in this section as these are high in saturated fat and are included in the ‘foods to eat less often and in small amounts’ section
Switzerland	- 2 tablespoons of vegetable oil (20 grams) daily, of which at least 1 tablespoon is in the form of rapeseed oil. - Use butter, margarine and other fats sparingly (max. 10 grams per day).	- Prefer vegetable oils. Consume high-fat preparations such as creamy sauces or fried foods only occasionally. Avoid heating oils too much or for too long. If the oil starts to smoke, harmful substances are created. - The use in the kitchen depends on the fatty acid profile: - For salad dressings, vegetables or pasta: rapeseed oil (cold-pressed or refined), olive oil, linseed oil, walnut oil - For steaming vegetables at low heat: rapeseed oil (refined), olive oil - For searing meat or deep-frying: HOLL (high oleic, low linolenic) rapeseed oil; HO (high oleic) sunflower oil.	The maximum recommended amount of 10 grams for fats corresponds to approximately 1 tablespoon of butter/ margarine/mayonnaise or 2 tablespoons of heavy cream/Crème fraîche or 3 tablespoons of half cream.
Iceland	-	- "Softer and healthier fat" (means more unsaturated fat). - It is recommended to increase the amount of unsaturated fat and reduce the amount of saturated fat. - Choose vegetable oils for cooking and for salads, for example rapeseed oil and olive oil instead of butter, margarine or coconut oil. - Fatty fish, fishoil, vegetable oils, nuts, seeds and avocado are good providers of healthier fat. - Try to use hummus, pesto or avocado as topping on bread. - Choose products with the Keyhole label if possible.	-
Norway	-	- Choose plant oils and soft margarine made of them instead of butter, butter mixes, hard margarine and tropical oils such as palm and coconut oil. - Use plant oils or liquid margarine when cooking, and soft margarine on bread. - Plant oils can also be used as dressing on salads. - Examples of oils that can be used are rapeseed, olive, flaxseed and sunflower oil.	-

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Meat ACS (2020), American Cancer Society, Guideline for Diet and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention De Smet and Vossen (2016), Meat Science 120 (2016)...

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Food-Based Dietary Guidelines recommendations for oil and fats

Summary of FBDG recommendations for oil and fats for the the EU, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom

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The European Union's Global Gateway: An institutional and economic overview

References to Meat

Deaths attributable to diets high in processed meat