References to Sugars and Sweeteners

Health Promotion Knowledge Gateway

2011. évi CIII. törvény a népegészségügyi termékadóról [Act CIII of 2011 on Public Health Product Tax] (accessed 17/12/2025)
AAP (2004) American Academy of Paediatrics, Soft Drinks in Schools - Policy Statement Pediatrics, 2004 :113:152-154, Reaffirmed in 2008 (pdf)
AAP (2015) American Academy of Paediatrics, Snacks, Sweetened Beverages, Added Sugars, and Schools – Policy Statement
AAP (2019) American Academy of Pediatrics, The Use of Nonnutritive Sweeteners in Children, Pediatrics 144 (5): e20192765.
ADA (2024) American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee; 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care 47 (Supplement_1): S77–S110.
AHA (2016) American Heart Association, Added Sugars and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Children, A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association, Circulation. 2016;134:00-00 (pdf)
AHA (2021) American Heart Association Scientific Statement, 2021 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health, Circulation 7;144(23):e472-87
ANSES (2007) French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Etude individuelle Nationale sur les Consommations Alimentaires (INCA) III 2014-2015 (pdf)
ANSES (2015) Opinion of the French Agency for food, environmental and occupational health and safety on the assessment of the nutritional benefits and risks related to intense sweeteners (pdf)
ANSES (2016) Opinion of the French agency for food, environmental and occupational health and safety on the establishment of recommendations on sugar intake (pdf)
BMEL (2024) Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, The National Reduction and Innovation Strategy for Sugar, Fats and Salt in Processed Foods (accessed 16/12/2025)
CDC (2010) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The CDC Guide to Strategies for Reducing the Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
CDC (2022), Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, Be Sugar Smart fact sheet (pdf)
DAG, DDG & DGE (2019) German Obesity Society German Diabetes Society German Nutrition Society, Consensus Paper: Quantitative recommendation on sugar intake in Germany, Ernaehrungs Umschau 66(2): 26–34 (pdf)
DG AGRI webpage European Commission, Agriculture and rural development, EU school scheme explained (accessed 28/01/2026)
DGAC (2015) Dietary Guideline for Americans Committee, Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee
DGAC (2020) Scientific Report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee: Advisory Report to the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Health and Human Service
DGE (2012) German Nutrition Society Evidence-Based Guideline of the German Nutrition Society: Carbohydrate Intake and Prevention of Nutrition-Related Diseases. Ann Nutr Metab (2012);60(suppl1):1-58
EC (1985) European Commission Scientific Committee for Food, sixteenth series (pdf)
EC (2000a) European Commission Scientific Committee for Food, Opinion: Re-evaluation of acesulfame K with reference to the previous SCF opinion of 1991. SCF/CS/ADD/EDUL/194 final. (pdf)
EC (2000b) European Commission Scientific Committee for Food, Opinion on Sucralose (2000). SCF/CS/ADDS/EDUL/190-final (pdf)
EC (2006) Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on nutrition and health claims made on foods; Official Journal of the European Union
EC (2008) Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 on food additives. Official Journal of the European Union
EFSA (2007) European Food Safety Authority, Neotame as a sweetener and flavour enhancer[1] - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food, EFSA Journal (2007) 581, 1-43
EFSA (2010a) European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for Carbohydrates and dietary fibre. EFSA Journal (2010); 8(3)1462
EFSA (2010b) European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Opinion on the safety of steviol glycosides for the proposed uses as a food additive, EFSA Journal 2010;8(4):1537
EFSA (2011a) European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to intense sweeteners and contribution to the maintenance or achievement of a normal body weight (ID 1136, 1444, 4299), reduction of post-prandial glycaemic responses (ID 4298), maintenance of normal blood glucose concentrations (ID 1221, 4298), and maintenance of tooth mineralisation by decreasing tooth demineralisation (ID 1134, 1167, 1283) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, EFSA Journal (2011); 9(6)2229
EFSA (2011b) European Food Safety Authority Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to the sugar replacers xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, erythritol, D-tagatose, isomaltulose, sucralose and polydextrose and maintenance of tooth mineralisation by decreasing tooth demineralisation (ID 463, 464, 563, 618, 647, 1182, 1591, 2907, 2921, 4300), and reduction of post-prandial glycaemic responses (ID 617, 619, 669, 1590, 1762, 2903, 2908, 2920) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, EFSA Journal (2011) 9(4);2076
EFSA (2013a) European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Opinion on the safety of advantame for the proposed uses as food additive. EFSA Journal 2013;11(7):3301
EFSA (2013b) European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of aspartame (E 951) as a food additive. EFSA Journal 2013;11(12):3496
EFSA (2019) European Food Safety Authority, Safety of the proposed amendment of the specifications for steviol glycosides (E 960) as a food additive: Rebaudioside M produced via enzyme‐catalysed bioconversion of purified stevia leaf extracte. EFSA Journal. 2019;17(10):e05867
EFSA (2021) European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Opinion: Re-evaluation of thaumatin (E 957) as food additive. EFSA Journal 2021;19(11):6884
EFSA (2022a) European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Opinion on Tolerable upper intake level for dietary sugars. EFSA Journal 2022;20(2):7074
EFSA (2022b) European Food Safety Authority, Safety evaluation of glucosylated steviol glycosides as a food additive in different food categories. EFSA Journal. 2022;20(2):e07066
EFSA (2022c) European Food Safety Authority, Re‐evaluation of neohesperidine dihydrochalcone (E 959) as a food additive. EFSA Journal 2022;20(2):e07595
EFSA (2023) European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Opinion: Re-evaluation of erythritol (E 968) as a food additive. EFSA Journal. 2023;21:e8430
EFSA (2024) European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Opinion: Re‐evaluation of saccharin and its sodium, potassium and calcium salts (E 954) as food additives. EFSA Journal. 2024;22:e9044
EFSA, European Food Safety Authority webpage for sweeteners (accessed 16/12/2025)
ENHR (2009) European Nutrition and Health Report, Elmadfa I .Forum of Nutrition, 62, 1-412 (pdf)
Entreprendre (2025), Taxation des boissons (accessed 16/12/2025)
EPA (2016) European Association of Polyol Producers webpage (accessed 16/12/2025)
ESC (2016) European Society of Cardiology, 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice
EU (2011a) Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European parliament and of the Council on the provision of food information to consumers. Official Journal of the European Union
EU (2011b) Regulation (EU) No 1129/2011 amending Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008. Official Journal of the European Union (pdf)
EU (2012) Directive 2012/12/EU of The European Parliament and of The Council amending Council Directive 2001/112/EC relating to fruit juices and certain similar products intended for human consumption. Official Journal of the European Union
EU (2016) Regulation (EU) 2016/791 Of The European Parliament And Of The Council amending Regulations (EU) No 1308/2013 and (EU) No 1306/2013 as regards the aid scheme for the supply of fruit and vegetables, bananas and milk in educational establishments. Official Journal of the European Union
EU (2022) European Union, Healthier Together EU Non-Communicable Diseases Initiative (pdf)
FAO/WHO (1998) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations World Health Organization, Carbohydrates in human nutrition, Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation
FDA (2016) Food and Drug Administration Food Labelling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Label. Federal Register Vol. 81, No. 103
FDA (2024) U.S. Food and Drug Administration webpage, Added Sugars on the Nutrition Facts Label (accessed 16/12/2025)
FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration webpage for high-intensity sweeteners (accessed 18/12/2025)
Fidler Mis et al (2017) Sugar in Infants, Children and Adolescents: A Position Paper of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition
Fitch C. & Keim K.S. (2012) Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Use of Nutritive and Nonnutritive Sweeteners, J Acad Nutr Diet (2012);112:739-758
FSANZ (2023) Food Standards Australia, New Zealand, Nutrient content claims and health claims (accessed 16/12/2025)
GBD results tool (2025) Global Burden of Disease Study 2023 Results Tool. Seattle, United States: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), 2025 (accessed 12/12/2025)
GBD Study 2023. The Lancet (2025). Burden of 375 diseases and injuries, risk-attributable burden of 88 risk factors, and healthy life expectancy in 204 countries and territories, including 660 subnational locations, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
Gregorič, M et al (2022). Dietary intakes of Slovenian adults and elderly: design and results of the National Dietary Study SI. Menu 2017/18. Nutrients, 14(17), 3618.
Helsedirektoratet (2024) Inntak av energi og næringsstoffer (accessed 18/12/2025)
HHFKA (2006) Healthy, Hungry Free Kids Act of (2010) - Sec. 204 of Public Law 111-296 (pdf)
HSPM (2017) Health Systems and Policy Monitor, Government approves the tax on soft drinks in Estonia to combat obesity and raise funds (accessed 16/12/2025)
HZJZ (2016) Croatian Institute of Public Health, Healthy living Nutrient Profile Scheme (pdf)
IARC (2024) International Agency for Research on Cancer, Aspartame, Methyleugenol, and Isoeugenol. Aspartame, Methyleugenol, and Isoeugenol. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans Volume 134
IDF (2015) International Diabetes Federation: IDF Framework for Action on Sugar (pdf)
IDF (2023) International Diabetes Federation, IDF Recommendation to Stakeholders: Prevention of obesity and type 2 diabetes in the school environment (pdf)
IOM (2006) Institute of Medicine of the National Academies Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements.
ISA (2024) International Sweeteners Association booklet, Low/no calorie sweeteners: Role and Benefits (pdf)
IUNA (2019) Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance, Main Report: National Children's Nutrition Survey (NCNS) II 2017-2018 (pdf)
IUNA (2021) Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance, Main Report: National Teens' Nutrition Survey (NTNS) II 2019-2020 (pdf)
IUNA (2024) Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance, Summary Report: National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS) II 2021-2022 (pdf)
JRC (2014) Joint Research Centre Science and policy report Mapping of National School Food Policies across the EU 28 plus Norway and Switzerland (pdf)
JRC (2015) Joint Research Centre Science for policy reports, Country profiles on national school food policies across the EU28 plus Norway and Switzerland (pdf)
JRC (2020) Joint Research Centre Science for Policy report, Front-of-pack nutrition labelling schemes
JRC (2022) Joint Research Centre, Overview and analysis of sustainable product procurement criteria in the EU food sector
JRC (2025) Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Food-Based Dietary Guidelines in Europe (accessed 16/12/2025)
Livsmedelsverket Swedish National Food Agency, The keyhole (accessed 16/12/2025)
NHS webpage, Healthier Families (accessed 16/12/2025)
NNR (2023) Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023: Integrating Environmental Aspects
Nuffield Council on Bioethics (2007) Public health: ethical issues (pdf)
OECD (2022) Healthy Eating and Active Lifestyles: Best Practices in Public Health
Official Journal of the French Republic, Text 38/166, 26/01/2017. AFSP1631228A (pdf)
PHE (2015a) Public Health England, Sugar Reduction: The evidence for action Annex 5: Food supply (pdf)
PHE (2015b) Public Health England, Sugar Reduction: the evidence for action (pdf)
PHE (2016) Public Health England, The Eatwell Guide, Helping you eat a healthy, balanced diet (pdf)
Present Knowledge in Nutrition (2020) – 11th edition. Elsevier Inc
RIVM (2024) DNFCS 2019-2021:Habitual intake of nutrients from foods only (accessed 16/12/2025)
RIVM webpage, National Approach to Product Improvement (accessed 16/12/2025)
Ruiz, E et al (2017). Dietary intake of individual (free and intrinsic) sugars and food sources in the Spanish population: findings from the ANIBES study. Nutrients, 9(3), 275.
SACN (2015) Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition - Public Health England, Carbohydrates and health report (pdf)
Santé Publique France (2024) Nutri-Score (accessed 17/12/2025)
TAI (2019) National Institute for Health Development, Estonian National Dietary Survey 2013-2014 (accessed 16/12/2025)
The Norwegian Tax Administration webpage, Sugar tax (accessed 16/12/2025)
UK DHSC (2013) U.K. Department of Health, Food Standards Agency, Welsh Government, Scottish Government, Guide to creating a front of pack nutrition label for pre-packaged products sold through retail outlets (pdf)
UK DHSC (2023) U.K. Department of Health & Social Care, Guidance: Restricting promotions of products high in fat, sugar or salt by location and by volume price: implementation guidance (accessed 16/12/2025)
UK HRMC (2024) His Majesty's Revenue and Customs, Official Statistics: Soft Drinks Industry Levy statistics background and references (accessed 16/12/2025)
UNICEF (2019) United Nations Children's Fund, Implementing Taxes on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: An overview of current approaches and the potential benefits for children (pdf)
UNICEF (2022) Policy Brief: Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxation (pdf)
USDA & HHS (2020) U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025. 9th Edition. (pdf)
USDA (2022) U.S. Department of Agriculture, A guide to smart snacks in schools (pdf)
WCRF webpage, World Cancer Research Fund International, Policy databases (accessed 16/12/2025)
WHO (2003) World Health Organization, Food based dietary guidelines in the WHO European Region
WHO (2014) World Health Organization, WHO Handbook for Guideline Development (pdf)
WHO (2015a) World Health Organization, Guideline:Sugars intake for adults and children.
WHO (2015b) World Health Organization, WHO Regional Office for Europe Nutrient Profile Model
WHO (2023a) World Health Organization, WHO guideline: Use of non-sugar sweeteners (pdf)
WHO (2023b) World Health Organization, Global report on the use of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes (pdf)

Originally Published \| Last Updated	21 Nov 2020 \| 28 Jan 2026
Knowledge service \| Metadata	Health Promotion Knowledge Gateway

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