Estimated disability-adjusted life years per 100 000 population attributable to the GBD diet-related risk factors in the EU in 2019
Based on the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study results
Risk factor | Definition (GBD Study) | DALYs per 100 000 |
|---|---|---|
| Diet low in whole grains | Average consumption (in grams per day) of less than 140-160 g of whole grains (bran, germ, and endosperm in their natural proportion) from breakfast cereals, bread, rice, pasta, biscuits, muffins, tortillas, pancakes, and other sources. | 698 |
| Diet low in fruits | Average consumption (in grams per day) of less than 310-340 g of fruit including fresh, frozen, cooked, canned, or dried fruit, excluding fruit juices and salted or pickled fruits. | 281 |
| Diet low in nuts and seeds | Average consumption (in grams per day) of less than 10-19 g per day of nuts and seeds, including tree nuts and seeds and peanuts. | 183 |
| Diet high in sodium | Average 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (in grams per day) greater than 3 g. | 501 |
| Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids | Average consumption (in milligrams per day) of less than 430-470 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). | 91 |
| Diet low in vegetables | Average consumption (in grams per day) of less than 280-320 g of vegetables including fresh, frozen, cooked, canned or dried vegetables and excluding legumes, salted or pickled vegetables, juices, nuts and seeds, and starchy vegetables (eg potatoes). | 120 |
| Diet low in fibre | Average consumption (in grams per day) of less than 21-22 g of fibre from all sources including fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, and pulses. | 196 |
| Diet low in legumes | Average consumption (in grams per day) of less than 90-100 g of legumes and pulses, including fresh, frozen, cooked, canned, or dried legumes. | 388 |
| Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) | Average consumption (in percentage daily energy) of less than 7-9% total energy intake from polyunsaturated fatty acids. | 77 |
| Diet high in processed meat | Any intake (in grams per day) of meat preserved by smoking, curing, salting, or addition of chemical preservatives. | 319 |
| Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages | Any intake (in grams per day) of beverages with ≥50 kcal per 226.8 gram serving, including carbonated beverages, sodas, energy drinks, and fruit drinks, but excluding 100% fruit and vegetable juices. | 112 |
| Diet low in calcium | Average consumption (in grams per day) of less than 1.06-1.10 g of calcium from all sources, including milk, yogurt, and cheese. | 40 |
| Diet low in milk | Average consumption (in grams per day) of less than 360-500 g of milk including non-fat, low-fat, and full-fat milk, excluding soy milk and other plant derivatives. | 81 |
| Diet high in trans fatty acids | Any intake (in percentage daily energy) of trans fat from all sources, mainly partially hydrogenated vegetable oils and ruminant products. | 172 |
| Diet high in red meat | Any intake (in grams per day) of red meat including beef, pork, lamb, and goat but excluding poultry, fish, eggs, and all processed meats. | 507 |
The GBD made a major methodological update in 2023, based on new available evidence that led to the update of the statistical models used. The GBD estimates for year 2017, which had been cited widely, have also been updated retroactively. Please find here the GBD 2017 estimates before the update, and here the GBD 2017 estimates after the update. Please note only the latter are comparable to the GBD 2019 estimates.
| Originally published | 01 Mar 2024 |
| Knowledge service | Metadata | Health Promotion Knowledge Gateway |