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Dataset | 01 Mar 2024

Estimated disability-adjusted life years per 100,000 population attributable to the GBD diet-related risk factors in the EU in 2019

Estimated disability-adjusted life years per 100 000 population attributable to the GBD diet-related risk factors in the EU in 2019 

Based on the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study results 

Risk factor

Definition (GBD Study)

DALYs per 100 000

Diet low in whole grainsAverage consumption (in grams per day) of less than 140-160 g of whole grains (bran, germ, and endosperm in their natural proportion) from breakfast cereals, bread, rice, pasta, biscuits, muffins, tortillas, pancakes, and other sources.698
Diet low in fruitsAverage consumption (in grams per day) of less than 310-340 g of fruit including fresh, frozen, cooked, canned, or dried fruit, excluding fruit juices and salted or pickled fruits.281
Diet low in nuts and seedsAverage consumption (in grams per day)  of less than 10-19 g per day of nuts and seeds, including tree nuts and seeds and peanuts.183
Diet high in sodiumAverage 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (in grams per day)  greater than 3 g.501
Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acidsAverage consumption (in milligrams per day)  of less than 430-470 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).91
Diet low in vegetablesAverage consumption (in grams per day) of less than 280-320 g of vegetables including fresh, frozen, cooked, canned or dried vegetables and excluding legumes, salted or pickled vegetables, juices, nuts and seeds, and starchy vegetables (eg potatoes).120
Diet low in fibreAverage consumption (in grams per day) of less than 21-22 g of fibre from all sources including fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, and pulses.196
Diet low in legumesAverage consumption (in grams per day) of less than 90-100 g of legumes and pulses, including fresh, frozen, cooked, canned, or dried legumes.388
Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)Average consumption (in percentage daily energy) of less than 7-9% total energy intake from polyunsaturated fatty acids.77
Diet high in processed meatAny intake (in grams per day) of meat preserved by smoking, curing, salting, or addition of chemical preservatives.319
Diet high in sugar-sweetened beveragesAny intake (in grams per day) of beverages with ≥50 kcal per 226.8 gram serving, including carbonated beverages, sodas, energy drinks, and fruit drinks, but excluding 100% fruit and vegetable juices.112
Diet low in calciumAverage consumption (in grams per day) of less than 1.06-1.10 g of calcium from all sources, including milk, yogurt, and cheese.40
Diet low in milkAverage consumption (in grams per day) of less than 360-500 g of milk including non-fat, low-fat, and full-fat milk, excluding soy milk and other plant derivatives.81
Diet high in trans fatty acidsAny intake (in percentage daily energy) of trans fat from all sources, mainly partially hydrogenated vegetable oils and ruminant products.172
Diet high in red meatAny intake (in grams per day) of red meat including beef, pork, lamb, and goat but excluding poultry, fish, eggs, and all processed meats.507

The GBD made a major methodological update in 2023, based on new available evidence that led to the update of the statistical models used. The GBD estimates for year 2017, which had been cited widely, have also been updated retroactively. Please find here the GBD 2017 estimates before the update, and here the GBD 2017 estimates after the update. Please note only the latter are comparable to the GBD 2019 estimates.