Estimated disability-adjusted life years per 100,000 population attributable to the GBD diet-related risk factors in the EU in 2017 | Knowledge for policy

Health Promotion Knowledge Gateway

Estimated disability-adjusted life years per 100 000 population attributable to the GBD diet-related risk factors in the EU in 2017

Based on the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study (Annex 2) (before the 2023 methodology update)

Risk factor	Definition (GBD study)	DALYs per 100 000
Diet low in whole grains	Average daily consumption of less than 125 grams per day of whole grains (bran, germ, and endosperm in their natural proportion) from breakfast cereals, bread, rice, pasta, biscuits, muffins, tortillas, pancakes, and other sources.	985
Diet low in fruits	Average daily consumption of less than 250 grams per day of fruits (fresh, frozen, cooked, canned, or dried, excluding fruit juices and salted or pickled fruits).	668
Diet low in nuts and seeds	Average daily consumption of less than 20.5 grams per day of nuts and seeds.	593
Diet high in sodium	Average 24 hour urinary sodium greater than 3 grams per day.	576
Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids	Average daily consumption of less than 250 milligrams per day of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).	351
Diet low in vegetables	Average daily consumption of less than 360 grams per day of vegetables (fresh, frozen, cooked, canned or dried vegetables excluding legumes and salted or pickled vegetables, juices, nuts and seeds, and starchy vegetables such as potatoes or corn).	343
Diet low in fibre	Average daily consumption of less than 23.5 grams of fibre per day from all sources including fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, and pulses.	282
Diet low in legumes	Average daily consumption of less than 60 grams per day of legumes.	240
Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids	Average daily consumption of less than 11% of total energy intake from polyunsaturated fatty acids as a replacement for high intake of saturated fatty acids (> 7% of total energy intake).	195
Diet high in processed meat	Average daily consumption of greater than 2 grams of meat preserved by smoking, curing, salting, or addition of chemical preservatives.	124
Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages	Average daily consumption of greater than 2.5 grams per day of beverages with ≥50 kcal per 226.8 gram serving, including carbonated beverages, sodas, energy drinks, fruit drinks, but excluding 100% fruit and vegetable juices.	103
Diet low in calcium	Average daily consumption of less than 1.15 grams of calcium per day from all sources, including milk, yogurt, and cheese.	89
Diet low in milk	Average daily consumption of less than 435 grams per day of milk including non-fat, low-fat, and full-fat milk but excluding soy milk and other plant derivatives.	61
Diet high in trans fatty acids	Average daily consumption of greater than 0.5% of total energy intake from trans fatty acids from all sources, mainly partially hydrogenated vegetable oils and ruminant products.	49
Diet high in red meat	Average daily consumption of greater than 22.5 grams per day of red meat (includes beef, pork, lamb, and goat but excludes poultry, fish, eggs, and all processed meats).	49

Was this page useful?