The Voluntary Return European Network (VREN) responded to the needs expressed by the European Commission in the Return Fund Work Programme 2010 for an improved cooperation amongst Member States and between the national stakeholders in the field of voluntary return and reintegration (AVRR). The participating sixteen States were Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, The United Kingdom, and Switzerland (associated).