Although localized hunger persists in conflict-affected areas of Ukraine, the wider Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region is now more severely challenged by rising overweight, obesity and other forms of malnutrition. The war in Ukraine has intensified food security risks by disrupting production, trade and markets, while compounding pre-existing vulnerabilities and climate-related pressures. While impacts are most acute in Ukraine, the effects have spread across Eastern Europe, the Western Balkans, the South Caucasus and Central Asia through food and fertilizer price spikes, supply shortages and refugee inflows.Ukraine and the Russian Federation are major global suppliers of wheat, sunflower oil and fertilizers. Disruptions to Black Sea trade routes forced costly shifts to alternative suppliers, exposing the region’s dependence on imports. Although Ukrainian grain exports partially recovered through temporary corridors, trade remains fragile. Within Ukraine, agricultural production has fallen sharply due to damaged infrastructure, limited access to inputs, labour shortages and restricted market access.Neighbouring and Central Asian countries face rising food, fertilizer and energy costs, along with structural constraints such as import dependence, water scarcity and limited arable land. Climate change further weakens agricultural resilience.Millions across the region struggle to access affordable, nutritious food, with women and children most affected. Governments have acted to stabilize markets and protect vulnerable populations. Moving forward, recovery requires restoring agricultural capacity, strengthening trade and logistics, expanding climate-resilient agriculture and aligning emergency support with long-term food system reforms to build resilience and sustainability across the ECA region.