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Knowledge4Policy
Knowledge for policy
Supporting policy with scientific evidence

We mobilise people and resources to create, curate, make sense of and use knowledge to inform policymaking across Europe.

  • Publication | 2025
Price dynamics for foods of varied nutritional characteristics: Background paper for The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025
Global Food and Nutrition Security

This paper analyses global retail food consumer prices to uncover structural factors shaping the cost and affordability of healthy diets. Using data from 2011, 2017, and 2021, the study finds that prices vary systematically by food group, level of processing, and nutritional composition, and these patterns persist across the three years of analysis of global data. Basic starchy staples remain the cheapest calorie sources, while vegetables, fruits, and animal-source foods are consistently more expensive. Ultra-processed foods often cost less than unprocessed alternatives, particularly within animal-source categories. Country case studies in Nigeria, Pakistan and Mexico show food prices rising faster than overall inflation between 2019 and 2024, and basic starchy staples increasing more than other food groups, which affects disproportionately low-income consumers relying on basic starchy staples. High food price inflation constrains dietary diversity and access to nutrient-dense foods. The findings underscore the need for policies that not only address affordability and income but also support innovation in nutrient-dense foods that meet consumer preferences for taste, convenience, and cultural fit.