Key Findings on food and nutrition security:

• Climate change is exacerbating food insecurity in Mozambique, particularly in rural areas where 70% of the population depends on rain-fed agriculture.
• Cyclones, floods, and droughts have destroyed agricultural land, crops, and infrastructure, severely impacting food security and livelihoods.
• Food insecurity is a major driver of displacement, with communities forced to seek refuge in other areas, straining natural resources and leading to further deforestation, land degradation, and competition for resources.
• Women are disproportionately affected by food insecurity, with limited access to land, resources, and decision-making power, exacerbating their vulnerability to climate-related hazards.

Key findings on gender:

• Women are disproportionately affected by climate change, particularly in rural areas, and face challenges related to land ownership, agricultural production, and displacement.

• Climate change and displacement can disrupt traditional gender roles, with women taking on new responsibilities and men feeling emasculated and losing their identity as primary breadwinners.

• Both men and women face challenges related to climate change, including erosion of livelihoods, loss of identity, and increased vulnerability to violence and exploitation.

• Women and girls are at risk of child marriage, forced labor, and prostitution as coping mechanisms, while men and boys may engage in illicit activities, such as artisanal mining, to cope with economic hardship.

• There is a need for sustainable gender-responsive solutions that address the specific needs and vulnerabilities of women, men, girls, and boys in the context of climate change, conflict, and displacement.

Recommendations:

• The government should facilitate food security and livelihoods by formulating enabling and favorable agricultural and food production policies, developing secure land tenure systems, and providing agricultural inputs.
• There is a need for a shortage of extension workers to support farmers, and for investments in social resilience and social cohesion to reduce maladaptation and negative social behaviors.
• Climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts should prioritize the needs and rights of vulnerable populations, including women, children, and marginalized communities.
• A coordinated and holistic approach is required to address the intersecting challenges of climate change, peace, security, and migration in Mozambique, involving government agencies, civil society organizations, international partners, and local communities.