Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana are the largest producers of cocoa in the world. In recent decades the cultivation of this crop has led to the loss of vast tracts of forest areas in both...

Interactions between neighbouring plants in an ecosystem can lead to competition, even in single-species stands. Genetic selection of perennial plants based on the individual values of genotypes does...

This major study aims to contribute to the cocoa sector’s body of knowledge and provide a solid evidence base to test common assumptions and beliefs. The research covers issues such...

Using a case study, this article uses the concept of network orchestration to examine the role of exporters in the implementation of voluntary cocoa certification in Côte d’Ivoire. To this end, data were...

This paper critically examines the self-declared sustainability initiatives of the world’s four largest chocolate manufacturers (Ferrero, Mars, Mondelez and Nestlé) and the measures they take to tackle social...

Based on the analysis of a large number of scientific articles, specialised reports and interviews, this study compares the societal costs of conventional cocoa chains with the results obtained within “sustainable”...

Who are the cacao farmers in Côte d’Ivoire? All experts know that cacao farming is a family-based agriculture with additional external labour, but what is the reality behind the concepts...

Indica and Japonica are the two major types of rice traded on the global market. Product characteristics, production zones, consumer preferences, and government policies influence Indica...

This map presents the results for the whole consumption year by indicating the area with level of deficit. The tool provides a seasonal analysis of deficits, showing when deficits are likely...

This map presents the results for the whole consumption year by indicating the area with level of deficit. The tool provides a seasonal analysis of deficits, showing when deficits are likely...