The chapter 5 of this IPCC Special Report is dedicated to food security.

The current food system (production, transport, processing, packaging, storage, retail, consumption, loss and waste) feeds the great majority of world population and supports the livelihoods of over 1 billion people.

Observed climate change is already affecting food security through increasing temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and greater frequency of some extreme events (high confidence).

Food security will be increasingly affected by projected future climate change (high confidence).

Vulnerability of pastoral systems to climate change is very high (high confidence).

Fruit and vegetable production, a key component of healthy diets, is also vulnerable to climate change (medium evidence, high agreement).

Food security and climate change have strong gender and equity dimensions (high confidence).

Many practices can be optimised and scaled up to advance adaptation throughout the food system (high confidence).

About 21–37% of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are attributable to the food system.

Supply-side practices can contribute to climate change mitigation by reducing crop and livestock emissions, sequestering carbon in soils and biomass, and by decreasing emissions intensity within sustainable production systems (high confidence).

Consumption of healthy and sustainable diets presents major opportunities for reducing GHG emissions from food systems and improving health outcomes (high confidence).

Reduction of food loss and waste could lower GHG emissions and improve food security (medium confidence).

Agriculture and the food system are key to global climate change responses. Combining supply-side actions such as efficient production, transport, and processing with demand-side interventions such as modification of food choices, and reduction of food loss and waste, reduces GHG emissions and enhances food system resilience (high confidence).

For adaptation and mitigation throughout the food system, enabling conditions need to be created through policies, markets, institutions, and governance (high confidence).